what would jesus brew :: essays research papers

Is Justified True Belief Really Knowledge? So, you think you found some truth in the traditional concepts that knowledge is true belief? Well, I just might have to burst your bubble and join up with Edmond L. Gettier’s famous counterexample’s to these particular beliefs. Gettier, published these ambitious counterexamples in a June 1963 article entitled, â€Å"Is Justified Knowledge True Belief.† The traditional concepts of knowledge seem to hold that the following three stipulations are jointly sufficient in verifying the claim that S knows p ( where S is some entity with the capacity for knowing and p is some proposition or claim): (i) p is true, (ii), S believes that p, and (iii), S is justified in believing that p. Gettier’s counterexamples demonstrate situations in which justified true belief does not lend to the yield of knowledge. Before stating his cases, Gettier is quick to note two points; The first being â€Å"it is possible for a person(S) to be justified in believing a proposition(p) that is in fact false.† And secondly, for any time S is justified in believing p, and p entails q which S then deduces from p and is then justified in believing q. This means that if a person(S) is justified in believing a false proposition, then they are justified in believing other false propositions or propositions that turn out to be true based on false propositions . Gettier, provides two cases, using two subjects(Smith and Jones), that are directly pertaining to two falicies inherent within the traditional beliefs of knowledge. In the first case, Gettier supposes that the two subjects(Smith and Jones) are both applying for a certain job and that Smith has strong evidence that Jones will get the job and that Jones also has ten coins in his pocket. This proposition could be verified if Smith was assured by the president of the company that Jones would get the job and also that Smith had recently counted the number of coins in Jones’ pocket. From this proposition you can then go on to deduct that â€Å"The man who will get the job has ten coins in his pocket.† Gettier then supposes that Smith sees this and is justified in believing so. Now here’s the contradiction, imagine that unknown to Smith, he is actually the one who will receive the job and that also unknown to Smith, he coincidentally also has ten coins in his pocket.

Nigerian Legal System Essay

The settlements in due course, either by conquest or by other growth processes, metamorphosed into kingdoms, empires and principalities, which by accident of history and by numerous geographical handicaps II or fortunes (as the case might be), attained varying levels of political, social, cultural and economic development. Certain physical features influenced the occupational distribution of the early settlers, as well as their type of ancestral workshop. For example, northwards were savanna areas; the inhabitants were chiefly pastoral; they worshipped the god of the sky. Southwards were the forest belts; for the settlers who were mainly farmers, the object of their worship was the god of land. Still further southwards are the coastland areas; the settlers were mainly fishermen and they worshipped the goddess of the sea. With time, these groups interacted with considerable frequency and in consonance with some established and regular process. Indeed, the notion of settlement itself connotes a level of human organisation; and where there is an organization, there has to be a scheme of rules or laws and compulsion to enforce obedience if the group or society must survive and continue. Each of the ethnic- linguistic groups therefore had its own concept of law, judicial process and customary laws without which human society could not exist. These laws played a prominent role in the regulation of the affairs of members of the group. They varied with space, character and level of socio-economic development and challenges which faced the various settlements. As should be expected therefore, there were manifestation of different (and sometimes conflicting) ways and conditions as one moved from one place or age to another or one empire or kingdom to another and across the jurisdiction of different customary laws.

Earnings Management - 3502 Words

Is earnings management good or bad? Who (or which part of corporate governance mechanisms) is responsible to constrain earnings management? To what extent can the auditor constrain earnings management? Propose some methods for the auditors to detect and constrain earnings management. Does market react to firms earnings management behavior? In order to discuss earnings management and what its affects are on business and whether or not its a good thing, one must first understand what earnings management really is. Earnings management is often referred to as creative accounting or income smoothing. By definition, earnings management is strategies used by the management of a company to deliberately manipulate the companys earnings so†¦show more content†¦Lastly, company participates in good earnings management is because it provides a way to present information to its present and potential investors about their operations. Actions such as these that achieve stable and predictable results and positive earnings trends through good planning and operational responsiveness are not illegal or unethical in any way, its just part of business. All businesses try to reach their targets and try to continue seeing growth while responding to their competition and changes in the market. Good earnings management just allows th e company to continue their operations with some type of goal to achieve or target to reach. This only becomes a bad thing when those goals or targets are not reached and someone starts making up the numbers. Overall, only improper or abusive earnings management is a bad technique. Managers and companies should focus on the long-term value creation that benefits investors over the short-term earnings management that satisfies financial analysts. Quarterly or periodically managing earnings is a bad idea for many reasons. First, quarterly predictions narrowed down to a couple of cents per share dont say much about the companys long-term prospects or ability to generate profits. Second, as mentioned above, its illegal to abusively manage earnings and if the company does get caught for doing so, the actions of the company end up costing theShow MoreRelatedEarning Management1159 Words   |  5 PagesEarning management is good or not? Introdcution This essay is to examine whether earning management is it good or bad. Though there is so many debate about whether it should be accepted to be good rather than bad, however, this essay will explain the both side of earnings management. Earnings management reduces the quality of financial reporting, it can interfere with the resource allocation in the economy and can bring adverse consequences to the financial market. This essay analyses both, causesRead MoreEarning Management: Is It Good or Not?1167 Words   |  5 PagesEarning management is good or not? Introdcution This essay is to examine whether earning management is it good or bad. Though there is so many debate about whether it should be accepted to be good rather than bad, however, this essay will explain the both side of earnings management. Earnings management reduces the quality of financial reporting, it can interfere with the resource allocation in the economy and can bring adverse consequences to the financial market. This essay analyses both, causesRead MoreEarnings Management Essay1007 Words   |  5 Pagesevidences of managers manipulating the earnings for various reasons. â€Å"Earnings management is the choice by a manager of accounting policies, or real actions, affecting earnings so as to achieve some specific reported earnings objective† (Scott, 2012, p. 423). Managers play an important role in the company because they have control over the accounting policies, thus, the managers can manipulate the income. There are different viewpoints about earnings management. Some people think it will protectRead MoreEthics in Earnings Management Essays1320 Words   |  6 Pagesconcern. With that goal in mind, management must continually report sustained or improved earnings to stakeholders to ensure const ant and new investments in the company’s future (Geiger van der Laan Smith, 2010). The pressure to report positive results can lead management to engage in earnings management activities to alter short-term results to meet the goals set forth (Geiger van der Laan Smith, 2010). In addition to the pressures on company management, broad accounting principles introduceRead MoreFigure Out Weather Earnings Management Is Fraud1822 Words   |  8 PagesSummary The objective of this research paper is to figure out weather earnings management is fraud. I included some information of earnings management first. Earnings management is managers’ accounting choices. Managers may use different accounting techniques to create some opportunities within the boundary of GAAP, so that they can make financial statements look better. I stated the top 5 techniques of earnings management and relevant examples: †¢ The big Bath †¢ Cookie jar reserves †¢ Revenue recognitionRead MoreQuestions On Financial Earnings Management1758 Words   |  8 PagesDichev 1997; Degeorge, Patel and Zeckhauser 1999) identify three earnings thresholds managers seek to achieve when they report financial statements: avoiding negative earnings, avoiding earnings declines, and avoiding negative earnings surprises. A large number of studies use these three earnings thresholds to test earnings management in various research settings. This dissertation investigates another potential earnings management threshold, peer performance, which has been largely ignored in theRead MoreEarning Management4183 Words   |  17 PagesIndustry of UAE Practice Earnings Management Dr. Mohammed Obeidat Introduction It is the right of external users of accounting information to be provided with more adequate information to protect their interests. Many questionable issues concerning the term of earnings management are still available. Auditors, accountants, financial analysts, and other concerned parties may hold the responsibility of detecting external users from the practices of earnings management. Many questionable issuesRead MoreEarning Management4172 Words   |  17 PagesBanking Industry of UAE Practice Earnings Management Dr. Mohammed Obeidat Introduction It is the right of external users of accounting information to be provided with more adequate information to protect their interests. Many questionable issues concerning the term of earnings management are still available. Auditors, accountants, financial analysts, and other concerned parties may hold the responsibility of detecting external users from the practices of earnings management. Many questionable issuesRead MoreThe Practices Of Earnings Management1342 Words   |  6 PagesFrom my point of view, I believe that the different practices of earnings management are misleading to the stakeholders, and it aims at increasing or decreasing the reported earnings based on the executive decisions and what would serve their position in the market. This drives us to ask who the users of the company’s financial statements are. Those are the parties that rely on financial statements for decision making. And they are summarized in the following groups: Employees, Customers, SuppliesRead MoreA History Of Earnings Management1624 Words   |  7 PagesA History of Earnings Management, Financial Scandals, and the Resulting Legislations At the turn of the 21st century, America found itself wrought with multiple financial scandals. The poor decisions of just a few executives resulted in thousands of people out of a job, pension funds wiped away, and houses going back to the bank. While earnings management was certainly not a new concept nor was the resulting fraud, the high number of scandals within a short period of time brought it front and center